Author(s)

Shuyu Zhang ¹, Zhijie Yang ²

Affiliation(s)

¹ School of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queesland, Australia
² College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Corresponding Author

Shuyu Zhang

ABSTRACT

This paper establishes an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and use bond test to analyze the relationship between International Inbound Tourism Income and CO₂ emissions. Based on the evidence data from 1995 to 2018, the paper derived three results. First, International Inbound Tourism and CO₂ emissions have cointegration. Second, the long trip income and catering service income of international inbound tourism have positive effects on CO₂ emissions in long-run. Third, long trip income and catering service income of international inbound tourism would dynamically fluctuate CO₂ emissions in short run.

KEYWORDS

CO2; emissions; Inbound tourism; ARDL model; Bond test

CITE THIS PAPER

Shuyu Zhang, Zhijie Yang, The Relationship between International Inbound Tourism Income and CO₂ Emissions: Based on ARDL-ECM Approach. Tourism Management and Technology Economy (2025) Vol. 8: 108-117. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/tmte.2025.080114.

REFERENCES

[1] IPCC, 2022. In climate change 2022: mitigation of climate change. In: Contribution of Working Group Actors of Regional Tourism Caort of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. 23th April 2023. 
[2] Social Development Squad of the Ministry of Science and Technology, The 21st Agenda Government Center. Handbook of energy saving and emission reducing, Social Sciences Archive Press, Beijing, 2007, pp. 5–22
[3] Zaman, K., Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Raza, S.A., 2016. Tourism development, energy consumption and environmental Kuznets Curve: trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries. Tourism Manag 54, 275–283. .
[4] Halicioglu F. An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy policy 2009;37(3):1156–64. 
[5] André Carrascal Incera a, Melchor Fernández Fernández. Tourism and income distribution: Evidence from a developed regional economy. Tourism Management, 2015, vol.48,11-20. 
[6] Chen Y, Zhu Z, Zhuang L. Exploring the ecological performance of China's tourism industry: A three-stage undesirable SBM-DEA approach with carbon footprint. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(22). \
[7] Tamirisa, Matthew,Loke, Ken.Energy and tourism in Hawaii, Annals of Tourism Research, 1997,24（2),390-401.
[8] Gössling S., Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: some aspects of energy use. J. Sustain. Tourism, 2000, 8 (5), 410–425. 
[9] Gössling S., Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environ. Change, 2002 ,12 (4), 283–302. 
[10] Max, Riethdorf, Tiedemann, Smirnova, Lembke-Jene, Fahl, Nürnberg, Matul, Mollenhauer.Sea surface temperature variability and sea-ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15,000 years. Paleoceanography, 27(4).
[11] Dinda, S. A theoretical basis for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecol. Econ, 2005, 53 (3), 403–413.
[12] Raza, S. A., Shahbaz, M., & Nguyen, D. K.. Energy conservation policies, growth and trade performance: Evidence of feedback hypothesis in Pakistan. Energy Policy, 2015,80, 1–10.
[13] Rasa S, Shari A, Wong W K. Tourism development and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from wavelet- based analysis[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2017, 20(16): 1768-1790. 
[14] Zhao, X., Li, T. & Duan, X. Studying tourism development and its impact on carbon emissions. Sci Rep, 2024,14, 7463.
[15] DOGAN E, SEKER F, BULBUL S. Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross- sectional dependence: A panel study of OECD countries[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2017, 20(16): 1701-1719.
[16] Akadiri S., Lasisi T.T., Uzuner G., Akadiri A.C.Examining the causal impacts of tourism, globalization, economic growth and carbon emissions in tourism island territories: bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Tourism, 2018, 23(4),1539067.
[17] Sik C, Dogru T, Turk E.S. A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2018, 20(1): 38-49. 
[18] Wang, P., Wei, X., Yingwei, X. et al. The Impact of Residents' Leisure Time Allocation Mode on Individual Subjective Well-being: The Case of China. Applied Research Quality Life , 2022,17,1831–1866.
[19] Tang, C. F. Is the tourism-led growth hypothesis valid for Malaysia? A view from disaggregated tourism markets. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2011 13(1), 97–101.
[20] Zhen L., Jing L., Fengsheng C., Muhammad S., Muhammad A.N. Role of tourism development in environmental degradation: A step towards emission reduction, Journal of Environmental Management, 2022(303), 114078.
[21] Sun Y, Yang Y, Liu S, Li Q. Research on Transportation Carbon Emission Peak Prediction and Judgment System in China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20),14880. 
[22] Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.
[23] Sahar H., Mohsen M., Amir H. G. A mode shape sensitivity-based method for damage detection of structures with closely-spaced eigenvalues. Measurement, 2022, 190, 110644.

Sponsors, Associates, and Links

---

• Information Systems and Economics
  
  
• Accounting, Auditing and Finance
  
  
• Industrial Engineering and Innovation Management
  
  
• Journal of Computational and Financial Econometrics
  
  
• Financial Engineering and Risk Management
  
  
• Accounting and Corporate Management
  
  
• Social Security and Administration Management
  
  
• Population, Resources & Environmental Economics
  
  
• Statistics & Quantitative Economics
  
  
• Agricultural & Forestry Economics and Management
  
  
• Social Medicine and Health Management
  
  
• Land Resource Management
  
  
• Information, Library and Archival Science
  
  
• Journal of Human Resource Development
  
  
• Manufacturing and Service Operations Management
  
  
• Operational Research and Cybernetics